Atlas of European history

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Wikimedia Commons Atlas of the World

The Wikimedia Atlas of the World is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps available at Wikimedia Commons.
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The introductions of the country, dependency and region entries are in the native languages and in English. The other introductions are in English.


Atlas of European history
Europe
English Europe
Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the southeast by the waterways adjoining the Mediterranean to and including the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains. On the east, Europe is divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains and by the Caspian Sea. Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,400,000 square kilometres (4,010,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface. The only continent smaller than Europe is Australia. In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (after Asia and Africa) with a population of some 710,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population. However, the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's precise borders, area, and population.
Population 710,000,000 inhabitants
Area 10,400,000 km²
Major language(s)
Major religion(s)
More information Europe, Geography of Europe, History of Europe and Politics of Europe
More images Europe - Europe (Category).

History maps

This section holds a short summary of the history of the area of present-day Europe, illustrated with maps, including historical maps of former countries and empires that included present-day Europe.

Prehistory

[[|border|251x400px]]
[[|border|251x400px]]
Palaeolithic art, as early as 40 000 BC to 10 000 BC
Neolithicum in Europe 5th millennium BC
Cardium Pottery, 5000 BC
Europe in the Middle Neolithic, ca. 4500 BC-4000 BC
Europe in the Late Neolithic, ca. 4000 BC-3500 BC
Simple map of the major late 4th millennium BC "Old European" cultures. Green is the Funnelbeaker culture (TRB). Blue is the Linear Ceramic culture (LBK). Orange is the Lengyel culture, purple the Vincha culture, red the Cucuteni culture and yellow the western part of the Yamna culture
Corded Ware culture and neighbourhood (Yamna culture, Baden culture), ca. 3200 BC/2900 BC to ca. 2300 BC/1800 BC
Centers of the Beaker culture (ca. 2800 BC – 1900 BC)
Extent of the Beaker culture (ca. 2800 BC – 1900 BC)
A simplified map, ca. 1200 BC, showing the central Urnfield culture (red), the northern Urnfield culture (orange), the Knoviz culture (blue-gray), the Lusatian culture (purple), the Danubian culture (brown), the Terramare culture (blue), the West European Bronze Age (green) and the Nordic Bronze Age (yellow).
Celts in Europe. This is a rough estimate from several sources. Blue: extent of Celtic influence 1500 BC - 1000 BC. Purple: extent of Celtic influence 400 BC
La Tène Culture area, Celts' urheimat, V century BC
Celts spread in III century BC, according to Francisco Villar's Los Indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa, Italian version, p. 446
Celts in Europe 800 - 400 BC. The green area suggests a possible extent of (proto-)Celtic influence around 1000 BC
Celts in Europe
Celts in Europe
Celts: Hallstatt (yellow) and La Tène (green) cultures

Antiquity

Germanic tribes (750 BC-1)
ancient Thrace,map made in 1585
West Mediterranean Areas 509 BC
West Mediterranean Areas 348 BC
West Mediterranean Areas 306 BC
West Mediterranean Areas 279 BC
Europe in 220 BC
Territorial development of the Roman Empire 264 BC-192
The Roman Republic and Carthage in 218, just prior to the Second Punic War
The migrations of the Cimbri and the Teutons
Roman Republic 100 BC
Map of the Roman Empire in 50
The extent of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire;
 
133 BC
 
44 BC (late Republic, after conquests by republican generals)
 
AD 14 (death of Augustus)
 
117 (maximum extension)
Map of the Roman republic, with provinces
Europe in 60
Map of the Roman Empire in 116
Roman Empire in 117
The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I, ca.395 AD superimposed on modern borders.
 
Western Roman Empire
 
Eastern Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire 395
Invasions of the Roman Empire 100-500
Division of the Roman Empire in 406
Europe in 395
The Germanic migrations of the fifth century were triggered by the destruction of the Gothic kingdoms by the Huns in 372-375. The city of Rome was captured and looted by the Visigoths in 410 and by the Vandals in 455.
Europe in 400
Europe in 450
The Huns Empire. By the end of 454, it will have collapsed.
Vandals in 455
Europe in 476

Middle Ages

[[|border|251x400px]] Europe in 526
Europe in 526-600
[[|border|251x400px]] Austrasia and Neustria
The Frankish Empire
Europe in 814
The growth of Frankish power, 481–814, showing Francia as it originally was after the crumbling of the Western Roman Empire
Until his death in 814, Charlemagne ruled an empire which included modern Catalonia, France, western Germany, the Low Countries, and northern Italy.
Final division of the Frankish Empire in the Treaty of Verdun
Divisions after 843
Europe in 843-870
Divisions in 870
Under Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Empire included Germany, northern Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands
Voyages of the Vikings
Map showing Scandinavian settlement in the eighth (dark red), ninth (red), tenth (orange) and eleventh (yellow) centuries. Areas denoted in green are those affected by frequent viking incursions but with little or no Scandinavian settlement.
Europe in 998
Europe About A.D. 1000
Kingdom of Ivar Vidfamne
Empire of Cnut 1014-1035
Europe in 1092
Europe in 1097
Crusades around 1097
Norman possessions in the 12th century
Europe in 1142
Europe 1190
Eurasia in 1200
Europe in 1328
Black Death 1347-1351
Europe in the 14th Century
Europe in 1360
the Western Schism 1378-1417

Caution: this map is highly inaccurate in some regions and borders, see its talk page.}}

German map of Europe around 1395
Europe in 1400
Europe in 1430
Europe in 1470
Europe in 1477
[[|border|251x400px]] Europe in 1490

Early modern period

Europe in 1519
Habsburg dominions 1547
Empire of Charles V:
 
Castile
 
Aragon
 
Burgundy
 
Habsburg
The (Habsburg) Empire of Charles I/V
Europe in 1550
European religions in 1560
Habsburg Empire in 1547
Area ruled by the Habsburg king around 1580 on a map showing modern-day state borders
Thirty Years War map
Europe in 1648
Europe in 1700
Europe in 1740

Late modern period

French Revolution and Napoleonic Period
Western and Southern Europe (1791)
Northern and Eastern Europe (1791)
Europe (1794)
Central Europe after the Peace of Basel and the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)
Europe (1799)
France and its sister republics (1799)
Europe after the Treaty of Lunéville (1801)
Strategic situation of Europe (1801)
Europe in 1811
The French Empire in 1811
The French Empire and satellite states (1811)
The French Empire and satellite states (1812)
Europe in 1812
Europe in 1815
1815 – 1939
Europe in 1848
Europe in 1867
Europe in 1871
Europe in 1878
Europe in 1890
Europe in 1911
Europe in 1914
Europe in 1914
Europe in 1914
Europe in 1914-24
Europe in 1929-1939
Europe 1935-1939
World War II
Animated map World War II in Europe
Europe 1939
Europe 1940
Europe 1941
Europe 1941-1942
Atlantic wall may 1944
europe 1943-1945
World War II in Europe 1939-1945
Western front 1940 I
Western Front 1940 II
Western front 1940 III
Europe in 1941/42
Eastern Front 1941-I
Eastern Front 1941-II
Eastern Front 1942
Eastern Front 1943 I
Eastern Front 1943 II
Eastern Front 1944
Eastern Front 1945
Post-War Europe
Divided Europe 1945-1990
Cold War economic alliances
Cold War military alliances
NATO versus Warsaw Pact 1949-1960
Marshall Plan
Europe in 1993-2006

 ·

Europe in 2006 to date

Historical maps of the Balkans

Roman Provinces in the Balkan
Balkan 1340
Balkan 1518
North Turkey in Europe 1726
Balkan 1801
Map of the Austrian Military Frontier (in German)
Post-Roman Conquest Balkans,map made in 1849
Roman era Balkans
Ethnographic map of European Turkey and the vassal states (1861)
Balkan 1912
Balkans in 1913
Balkan belligerants 1914
Former Yugoslavia wartime (1990-)
Western Balkan until 2006
Central Balkans in 2010 (de facto situation). Note: Serbia does not recognizing Independence of Kosovo.

Historical maps of the Caucasus

Caucasus 1729
Caucasus 1842
Caucasus History Map
Caucasus
Ethnic map of the Caucasus

Historical maps of the Iberian Peninsula

Pre-Roman tribes in western Iberia
Celts in Iberia (200 BC)
File:Ethnographic Iberia 200 BC.PNG Ethnographic Iberia 200 BC
Prehispanic languages and tribes
Prehispanic languages
Paleohispanic writing systems excluding proper Lusitanian
Hispania under the Roman republic
Lusitania in the Roman Empire (116)
Astur-Cantabrian war
Hispania under Octavio César Augusto (29-19 a. J. C.), after the Cantabrians Wars
Hispania under Dioclecian, 293 AC
Roman provinces in Iberia
Roman province of Lusitania
Roman Lusitania
Iberian Peninsula Around 476 AC
Iberian Peninsula Around 560 AC
Iberian Peninsula Around 560 AC
Iberian Peninsula in 565
Iberian Peninsula Around 586 AC
Visigoths migrations
Kingdom of the Visigoths
Visigoths and Sueves
Kingdom of Suvean Galicia
Iberian Peninsula in 700
Conquest by the Caliphs
Empire of the Almoravides (in English)
Emirate of Cordoba
File:Iberia 1031 (norsk).jpg Iberia in 1031
[[|border|251x400px]] Iberia in 1031
Taifas in 1080
[[|border|251x400px]] Reconquista
Reconquista
[[|border|251x400px]] Conquest of Andalus


Notes and references

General remarks:

  • The WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Atlas of the World is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps available at Wikimedia Commons. The main page is therefore the portal to maps and cartography on Wikimedia. That page contains links to entries by country, continent and by topic as well as general notes and references.
  • Every entry has an introduction section in English. If other languages are native and/or official in an entity, introductions in other languages are added in separate sections. The text of the introduction(s) is based on the content of the Wikipedia encyclopedia. For sources of the introduction see therefore the Wikipedia entries linked to. The same goes for the texts in the history sections.
  • Historical maps are included in the continent, country and dependency entries.
  • The status of various entities is disputed. See the content for the entities concerned.
  • The maps of former countries that are more or less continued by a present-day country or had a territory included in only one or two countries are included in the atlas of the present-day country. For example the Ottoman Empire can be found in the Atlas of Turkey.

Entries available in the atlas

General pages
Atlas   ■ Historical atlas   ■ Index of the Atlas   ■ Names in native languages

The world and its continents and oceans
Quick reference   ■ Historical maps of the world   ■ Old maps
Physical and topographical   ■ Political   ■ Geological   ■ People   ■ Time and time zones   ■ Projections of the globe
Africa   ■ North and South America   ■ Antarctica   ■ Asia   ■ Europe

(History, European Union)   ■ Oceania   ■ Oceans

Themes
Administrative divisions   ■ International organizations   ■ Languages   ■ Religions

Historical eras
Prehistory   ■ Antiquity   ■ Middle Ages   ■ Rise of Islam   ■ Early Modern Age   ■ Early American Societies   ■ Early Asian Societies   ■ Age of Renaissance   ■ Colonialism   ■ Stielers Handatlas 1891   ■ 20th Century   ■ World War I   ■ World War II

Entities with undisputed sovereign status
Afghanistan   ■ Albania   ■ Algeria   ■ Andorra   ■ Angola   ■ Antigua and Barbuda   ■ Argentina   ■ Armenia   ■ Australia   ■ Austria   ■ Azerbaijan   ■ Bahamas   ■ Bahrain   ■ Bangladesh   ■ Barbados   ■ Belarus   ■ Belgium   ■ Belize   ■ Benin   ■ Bhutan   ■ Bolivia   ■ Bosnia and Herzegovina   ■ Botswana   ■ Brazil   ■ Brunei   ■ Bulgaria   ■ Burkina Faso   ■ Burundi   ■ Cambodia   ■ Cameroon   ■ Canada   ■ Cape Verde   ■ Central African Republic   ■ Chad   ■ Chile   ■ China   ■ Colombia   ■ Comoros   ■ Congo (Democratic Republic)   ■ Congo (Republic)   ■ Costa Rica   ■ Côte d’Ivoire   ■ Croatia   ■ Cuba   ■ Cyprus   ■ Czech Republic   ■ Denmark   ■ Djibouti   ■ Dominica   ■ Dominican Republic   ■ East Timor   ■ Ecuador   ■ Egypt   ■ El Salvador   ■ Equatorial Guinea   ■ Eritrea   ■ Estonia   ■ Eswatini   ■ Ethiopia   ■ Fiji   ■ Finland   ■ France   ■ Gabon   ■ Gambia   ■ Georgia   ■ Germany   ■ Ghana   ■ Greece   ■ Grenada   ■ Guatemala   ■ Guinea   ■ Guinea-Bissau   ■ Guyana   ■ Haiti   ■ Honduras   ■ Hungary   ■ Iceland   ■ India   ■ Indonesia   ■ Iran   ■ Iraq   ■ Ireland   ■ Israel   ■ Italy   ■ Jamaica   ■ Japan   ■ Jordan   ■ Kazakhstan   ■ Kenya   ■ Kiribati   ■ Korea (Democratic People’s Republic)   ■ Korea (Republic)   ■ Kuwait   ■ Kyrgyzstan   ■ Laos   ■ Latvia   ■ Lebanon   ■ Lesotho   ■ Liberia   ■ Libya   ■ Liechtenstein   ■ Lithuania   ■ Luxembourg   ■ Madagascar   ■ Malawi   ■ Malaysia   ■ Maldives   ■ Mali   ■ Malta   ■ Marshall Islands   ■ Mauritania   ■ Mauritius   ■ Mexico   ■ Micronesia (Federated States)   ■ Moldova   ■ Monaco   ■ Mongolia   ■ Montenegro   ■ Morocco   ■ Mozambique   ■ Myanmar   ■ Namibia   ■ Nauru   ■ Nepal   ■ Netherlands   ■ New Zealand   ■ Nicaragua   ■ Niger   ■ Nigeria   ■ North Macedonia   ■ Norway   ■ Oman   ■ Pakistan   ■ Palau   ■ Panama   ■ Papua New Guinea   ■ Paraguay   ■ Peru   ■ Philippines   ■ Poland   ■ Portugal   ■ Qatar   ■ Romania   ■ Russia   ■ Rwanda   ■ Saint Kitts and Nevis   ■ Saint Lucia   ■ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines   ■ Samoa   ■ San Marino   ■ São Tomé and Príncipe   ■ Saudi Arabia   ■ Senegal   ■ Serbia   ■ Seychelles   ■ Sierra Leone   ■ Singapore   ■ Slovakia   ■ Slovenia   ■ Solomon Islands   ■ Somalia   ■ South Africa   ■ South Sudan   ■ Spain   ■ Sri Lanka   ■ Sudan   ■ Suriname   ■ Sweden   ■ Switzerland   ■ Syria   ■ Tajikistan   ■ Tanzania   ■ Thailand   ■ Togo   ■ Tonga   ■ Trinidad and Tobago   ■ Tunisia   ■ Turkey   ■ Turkmenistan   ■ Tuvalu   ■ Uganda   ■ Ukraine   ■ United Arab Emirates   ■ United Kingdom   ■ United States   ■ Uruguay   ■ Uzbekistan   ■ Vanuatu   ■ Vatican City   ■ Venezuela   ■ Vietnam   ■ Yemen   ■ Zambia   ■ Zimbabwe

Entities with disputed sovereign status
Abkhazia   ■ Artsakh   ■ Kosovo   ■ Northern Cyprus   ■ Palestine   ■ Somaliland   ■ South Ossetia   ■ Taiwan   ■ Tatarstan   ■ Transnistria   ■ Western Sahara

Dependencies and other overseas territories
Akrotiri and Dhekelia   ■ Åland   ■ American Samoa   ■ Anguilla   ■ Aruba   ■ Ascension Island   ■ Ashmore and Cartier Islands   ■ Baker Island   ■ Bermuda   ■ Bouvet Island   ■ British Indian Ocean Territory   ■ British Virgin Islands   ■ Cayman Islands   ■ Christmas Island   ■ Clipperton Island   ■ Cocos (Keeling) Islands   ■ Cook Islands   ■ Coral Sea Islands   ■ Curaçao   ■ Faroe Islands   ■ French Guiana   ■ French Polynesia   ■ French Southern and Antarctic Lands   ■ Gibraltar   ■ Greenland   ■ Guadeloupe   ■ Guam   ■ Guantanamo Bay   ■ Guernsey   ■ Heard Island and McDonald Islands   ■ Hong Kong   ■ Howland Island   ■ Isle of Man   ■ Jan Mayen   ■ Jarvis Island   ■ Jersey   ■ Johnston Atoll   ■ Kingman Reef   ■ Macau   ■ Martinique   ■ Mayotte   ■ Midway Atoll   ■ Montserrat   ■ Navassa Island   ■ New Caledonia   ■ Niue   ■ Norfolk Island   ■ Northern Mariana Islands   ■ Palmyra Atoll   ■ Pitcairn Islands   ■ Puerto Rico   ■ Réunion   ■ Saint Helena   ■ Saint Martin (France)   ■ Saint-Barthélemy   ■ Saint-Pierre and Miquelon   ■ Sint Maarten (Netherlands)   ■ Svalbard   ■ Tokelau   ■ Tristan da Cunha   ■ Turks and Caicos Islands   ■ United States Virgin Islands   ■ Wake Island   ■ Wallis and Futuna

Disputed subnational entities and territories
Bajo Nuevo Bank   ■ Crimea   ■ Falkland Islands   ■ Gilgit–Baltistan   ■ Kurdistan (Syrian)   ■ Kashmir   ■ Ladakh   ■ Paracel Islands   ■ Serranilla Bank   ■ South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands   ■ Spratly Islands   ■

Subnational autonomous entities
Aceh   ■ Adjara   ■ Adygea   ■ Altai   ■ Andalusia   ■ Aosta Valley   ■ Aragon   ■ Asturias   ■ Athos   ■ Azores   ■ Balearic Islands   ■ Bashkortostan   ■ Basque Autonomous Community   ■ Bonaire   ■ Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of)   ■ Bougainville   ■ Brussels   ■ Buryatia   ■ Canary Islands   ■ Catalonia   ■ Chechnya   ■ Chuvashia   ■ Corsica   ■ Dagestan   ■ Easter Island   ■ England   ■ Extremadura   ■ Flanders   ■ Friuli-Venezia Giulia   ■ Gagauzia   ■ Galicia   ■ Galápagos Islands   ■ Gilgit–Baltistan   ■ Gorno-Badakhshan   ■ Guangxi   ■ Ingushetia   ■ Islamabad Capital Territory   ■ Inner Mongolia   ■ Kabardino-Balkaria   ■ Kalmykia   ■ Karachay-Cherkessia   ■ Karakalpakstan   ■ Karelia   ■ Khakassia   ■ Komi   ■ Kurdistan (Iraqi)   ■ Khyber Pakhtunkhwa   ■ Madeira   ■ Mari El   ■ Muslim Mindanao   ■ Mordovia   ■ Nakhichevan   ■ Navarre   ■ Nevis   ■ Ningxia   ■ North Ossetia – Alania   ■ Northern Ireland   ■ Nunatsiavut   ■ Quebec   ■ Saba   ■ Sakha   ■ Sardinia   ■ Scotland   ■ Sicily   ■ Sindh   ■ Sint Eustatius   ■ Srpska   ■ Tibet   ■ Tłı̨chǫ   ■ Trentino-Alto Adige   ■ Tuva   ■ Udmurtia   ■ Vojvodina   ■ Wales   ■ Wallonia   ■ Xinjiang   ■ Zanzibar

Other regions
Basque Country   ■ Burzenland   ■ Catalan Countries   ■ Frisia   ■ Kurdistan   ■ Manchuria   ■ Sápmi   ■ Svenskfinland   ■ Székely Land   ■ Transylvania

Former sovereign nations
Austria-Hungary   ■ Byzantine Empire   ■ Caliphate   ■ Czechoslovakia   ■ Frankish Empire   ■ Kingdom of Hawaiʻi   ■ Inca Empire   ■ Iroquois Confederacy   ■ Macedonian Empire   ■ Ottoman Empire   ■ Prussia   ■ Roman Empire   ■ Soviet Union   ■ Republic of Texas   ■ Vermont Republic   ■ Republic of West Florida   ■ Yugoslavia

Former dependencies and overseas territories
Netherlands Antilles

Former disputed territories
Tamil Eelam Justin

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